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Title : Neo-adjuvant (before surgery) pembrolizumab
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Neo-adjuvant (before surgery) pembrolizumab

Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 immunotherapy promotes a survival benefit with intratumoral and systemic immune responses in recurrent glioblastoma

http://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0337-7

This was a small, randomized trial for recurrent GBM at first or second relapse, who were candidates for surgical debulking and were on steroid doses less than 4 mg per day of dexamethasone or equivalent.  There were 16 patients in each arm. One arm (neoadjuvant) received pembrolizumab (Keytruda) 14 days before surgery, and further doses of pembrolizumab after recovery from surgery. The second arm (adjuvant) received pembrolizumab only after surgery.

The survival advantage of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab was statistically significant (hazard ratio = 0.39, P = 0.04).  Note that it's more difficult to achieve statistical significance in a smaller trial versus a larger one.  Patients in each arm were well-matched for typical prognostic features.

In light of the positive results of this trial, "we intend to expand the current study and pursue further clinical trials with neoadjuvant combination immunotherapeutics."

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